Massive colonization by the solitary ascidian Microcosmus exasperatus Heller, 1878, on the sandy bottom of the Israeli littoral


	Microcosmus exasperatus aggregations on the soft bottom in front of Mikhmoret (17 m bottom depth) and settlement substrate: (A) Aggregation of three specimens covered in sand (top view); (B) aggregation of at least six specimens with hydrozoans epibionts (side view); (C) The polychaete A. vesiculosum and its tube, used as settlement substrate for M. exasperatus.

Part of: Golanski DB, Nachmias A, Kahn G, Fireman A, Hepner Ucko O, Shenkar N, Yahel G (2025) Massive colonization by the solitary ascidian Microcosmus exasperatus Heller, 1878, on the sandy bottom of the Israeli littoral. In: Fowler A, Robinson T, Bortolus A, Canning-Clode J, Therriault T (Eds) Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Marine Bioinvasions. Aquatic Invasions 20(1): 53-68. https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2025.20.1.131343